Telefoni yavuye ku guhamagara gusa igera kuri internet yihuta, AI n’ikoranabuhanga ritaratangira gukoreshwa henshi. Dore uko za “G” zagiye zihindura uburyo isi ivugana.

Hari igihe telefoni yabaga ifite akamaro kamwe gusa: guhamagara. Uyu munsi telefoni ishobora kuba banki, televiziyo, camera, office, GPS ndetse n’umufasha ukoresha AI.

Iryo hinduka ntiryabaye rimwe. Ryazanywe n’ibihe bitandukanye by’ikoranabuhanga rizwi nka 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G na 5G. Ubu isi iri gutegura n’igisekuru cya gatandatu, 6G.

1G: Igihe telefoni yari iyo kuvugiraho gusa

1G ni cyo gisekuru cya mbere cy’imiyoboro ya telefoni zigendanwa. Cyatangiye gukwira mu myaka ya za 1980.

Ikintu cy’ingenzi cyari gifite ni guhamagara umuntu uri ahandi ukoresheje telefoni igendanwa. Ariko yari itandukanye cyane na telefoni dufite uyu munsi.

Network yari analog, telefoni zari nini kandi ziremereye, kandi serivisi zari nke.

Mu yandi magambo, 1G yatangije igitekerezo cy’uko telefoni itagomba guhora ahantu hamwe kugira ngo uyikoreshe.

2G: SMS n’itangira ry’isi ya telefoni ya digital

Nyuma haje 2G, itangira gukwira cyane mu myaka ya za 1990.

Aha ni ho telefoni yatangiye kuva ku guhamagara gusa.

2G yazanye ibintu byaje kuba ibisanzwe cyane:

• SMS
• amajwi meza kurusha 1G
• encryption irushijeho kuba nziza
• internet yoroheje cyane binyuze muri GPRS/EDGE

SMS by'umwihariko yahinduye uburyo abantu bavugana. Umuntu ntiyari agikeneye guhamagara buri gihe; yashoboraga kohereza ubutumwa bugufi.

Ariko internet ya 2G yari itaragera ku rwego rwo kureba video, gukoresha social media cyangwa gukora ibintu byinshi dukorera kuri telefoni uyu munsi.

3G: Telefoni yatangiye kuba mudasobwa nto

Hano ni ho impinduka nini zatangiye kugaragara.

3G yazanye internet ikomeye kurusha 2G, bituma telefoni zitangira kuba ibikoresho byo gukoresha internet aho kuba izo guhamagariraho gusa.

Ibihugu bya mbere byagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutangiza 3G ni Korea y’Epfo na Japan. SK Telecom yo muri Korea yatangiye serivisi ya CDMA2000 1X mu Ukwakira 2000, naho NTT DoCoMo yo mu Buyapani itangiza ku mugaragaro FOMA, ishingiye kuri W-CDMA, ku wa 1 Ukwakira 2001.

3G ni yo yafashije ibintu nka:

mobile internet, video calls, email, multimedia messaging n’izindi serivisi za internet kuri telefoni gukura.

Ni bwo telefoni yatangiye kuba nk’akantu gato gahuza umuntu n’isi ya internet.

Wasoma n'iyi: Impamvu mudasobwa yawe igenda buhoro n'uko wabikemura

4G: Internet yahindutse igice cya buri munsi

Niba 3G yarafunguye urugi rwa mobile internet, 4G yo yararukinguye cyane.

4G yazanye internet yihuta cyane kurusha 3G, bituma ibintu byari bigoye kuri telefoni bihinduka ibisanzwe.

Kureba YouTube, gukoresha Instagram, WhatsApp, TikTok, gukora video calls, gukina games online no kureba filime kuri telefoni byarushijeho kuba ibintu bisanzwe.

Ikindi cy'ingenzi ni uko 4G yafashije cyane ubucuruzi bwubakiye kuri telefoni.

Uyu munsi umuntu ashobora:

kohereza amafaranga, kugura ibintu, kwiga, gukora meeting, gufata taxi cyangwa gukora business akoresheje telefoni.

Ni ukuvuga ko 4G itazanye gusa umuvuduko; yahinduye n'uburyo abantu bakoresha internet.

5G: Si internet yihuta gusa

Hageze 5G, abantu benshi bahise bayumva nk’aho ari “4G yihuta kurushaho”.

Ariko icyo 5G ishaka gukora kirenze umuvuduko.

5G yagenewe gutuma habaho latency nto, ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibikoresho byinshi ndetse n’imiyoboro ishobora gukoreshwa mu nganda, imodoka, ubuvuzi, robots n’ibindi bikoresho bifite internet.

Ni yo mpamvu 5G ikunze kuvugwa hamwe na:

• Internet of Things (IoT)
• autonomous systems
• smart cities
• industrial automation
• cloud computing
• AR/VR

Bityo, 5G ntabwo igamije gusa gutuma umuntu areba video vuba; igamije gutuma ibikoresho byinshi bibasha kuvugana n’imiyoboro hafi ako kanya.

Wasoma n'iyi: AI iri kongera ubukana bw'ibitero by'ikoranabuhanga

None se 3G iracyari he?

Iki ni cyo gice gishimishije cyane uyu munsi.

Mu gihe ibihugu bimwe byamaze kuva kuri 3G, ibindi biracyayikoresha cyangwa biri mu nzira yo kuyizimya.

Impamvu nyamukuru yo kuyizimya ni uko abakoresha benshi bamaze kwimukira kuri 4G na 5G. Gukomeza kubungabunga 2G, 3G, 4G na 5G icyarimwe bisaba amafaranga, spectrum n’ibikoresho byinshi.

u Rwanda narwo rwatangiye urugendo rwo gusezera kuri 3G.

Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yatangaje ko 3G izazimwa mu gihugu hose ku wa 30 Kamena 2027. 2G yo biteganyijwe ko izakurikiraho; intego iriho ubu ni Ukuboza 2028, ariko iyi tariki ishobora guhinduka bitewe n’uko inzibacyuho ya 3G izagenda.

Ibi bivuze ko umuntu ukoresha telefoni ya 3G gusa agomba gutangira gutekereza ku kuyivugurura.

Ariko kuzimya 3G ntibivuze ko telefoni zose zizahagarara gukora. Telefoni ifite 4G izakomeza gukora, kandi igihugu kiri kwitegura ko serivisi nka calls, SMS, mobile money n’izindi zizakomeza gukora kuri networks nshya.

6G: Ese yo yamaze kuboneka?

Oya.

Iki ni ikintu abantu benshi bashobora kwibeshyaho.

Muri 2026, 6G ntiraba network isanzwe ikoreshwa n’abantu benshi ku isi. Ahubwo iri mu cyiciro cyo gukorwa standards, kugeragezwa no gutezwa imbere.

ITU, umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe itumanaho, yemeje ko 6G izwi mu rwego mpuzamahanga nka IMT-2030.

Muri Gashyantare 2026, ITU yari imaze kumvikana ku bisabwa by’ibanze by’imikorere ya 6G, naho muri Kamena 2026 hakorwa guidelines zo gusuzuma technologies zishobora kuzaba 6G.

Kandi gahunda iriho irerekana ko companies n’izindi organizations zizatangira gutanga proposals za technologies za 6G hagati ya 2027 na 2029, mu gihe standards za nyuma ziteganyijwe hafi ya 2030.

Wasoma n'iyi: Cloud Computing ni iki? Kuki ibigo byinshi biyikoresha?

6G izaba itandukanye ite?

6G ntigamije gusa kongera umuvuduko.

ITU ivuga ko 6G izibanda no kuri AI, sensing, immersive communication, ultra-low latency, connectivity ahantu henshi ndetse no gukoresha network mu buryo burambye.

Mu ntego z'ikoranabuhanga ryateganyijwe, 6G ishobora kugera kuri peak data rates (umuvuduko) iri hagati ya 50 na 200 Gbps, bitewe n’uburyo n’aho ikoreshwa. Hari kandi ubushobozi bwo kumenya aho ikintu giherereye ku rwego ruri hagati ya santimetero 1 na 10 ndetse no gukoresha network mu kumenya no gukurikirana ibintu, atari ugutwara data gusa.

Aha ni ho 6G ishobora gutuma internet ihinduka ikintu kirenze “connection”.

Network ishobora kuba igikoresho cyo kumva ibiyikikije, gufasha AI gutunganya amakuru no guhuza ibikoresho byinshi cyane.

None se isi iri he?

Iyo urebye urugendo rwose, birasa n’uru:

1G → Guhamagara

2G → Guhamagara + SMS

3G → Internet kuri telefoni

4G → Internet yihuta + apps na streaming

5G → Internet yihuta cyane + devices nyinshi + industries

6G → AI + sensing + immersive connectivity

Ariko ikintu gishimishije ni uko izi generations zitajya zisimburana icyarimwe ku isi yose.

Hari aho 5G yamaze gukomera, ahandi 4G ikaba ari yo iri gukoreshwa cyane, mu gihe hari ibihugu bikiri mu rugendo rwo kuvana abantu kuri 3G.

Ni yo mpamvu Rwanda kuba yarashyizeho 30 Kamena 2027 nk’itariki yo kuzimya 3G ari inkuru ikomeye: igihugu kiri kugerageza gusiga inyuma networks zishaje, kigana ku 4G na 5G.

Mu myaka hafi 40, telefoni yavuye ku gikoresho cyo guhamagara umuntu iba igikoresho gishobora kuduhuza n’abantu, amafaranga, amashuri, akazi, entertainment ndetse na AI.

Kandi urugendo ntirurarangira.

Mu gihe bamwe bagitegereje kuzimya 3G, abashakashatsi n’abakora standards batangiye gutegura 6G.

Icyo bivuze ni kimwe: generation nshya ya network ntabwo iza gusa kugira ngo internet ibe yihuta; iza guhindura ibyo telefoni n’ibindi bikoresho bishobora gukora.

Kandi niba gahunda izakomeza uko iteganyijwe, ahagana muri 2030 isi ishobora kuba itangiye kwinjira mu kindi gice cy’uru rugendo: igihe cya 6G.