Amateka y’u Rwanda kuva rwaba Repubulika mu 1961–1962 kugeza uyu munsi yagiye arangwa n’impinduka zikomeye: kuva ku bwigenge, impinduramatwara za politiki, ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, kongera kubaka igihugu ndetse n’iterambere ryakurikiyeho.

Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza aho u Rwanda rugeze, ni ngombwa kureba abayobozi barwo umwe ku wundi.

1. Dominique Mbonyumutwa : Perezida w’inzibacyuho

Igihe: 28 Mutarama 1961 – 26 Ukwakira 1961.

Dominique Mbonyumutwa yabaye umuyobozi w’inzibacyuho mu gihe u Rwanda rwari ruvuye mu gihe cy’ubwami rwerekeza kuri Repubulika. Yabaye ku mwanya w’Umukuru w’igihugu igihe gito, mbere y’uko Grégoire Kayibanda afata ubuyobozi.

Iki gihe cyari icy’impinduka zikomeye za politiki, aho ubwami bwari busimbuwe na Repubulika.

Wasoma n'iyi: Abami b’u Rwanda n’umurage wabo mu mibereho ya none

2. Grégoire Kayibanda : Perezida wa mbere wa Repubulika

Igihe: 26 Ukwakira 1961 – 5 Nyakanga 1973.

Kayibanda yabaye Perezida wa mbere watorewe kuyobora u Rwanda rwa Repubulika. U Rwanda rwabonye ubwigenge kuri 1 Nyakanga 1962, Kayibanda ari ku buyobozi. 

Ibyaranze ubutegetsi bwe

Kimwe mu by'ingenzi byabaye ku butegetsi bwe ni ukwimakaza Repubulika no kuyobora igihugu mu myaka ya mbere y’ubwigenge.

Leta ye yashyize imbere guteza imbere imibereho y’abaturage, uburezi n’iterambere ry’igihugu, ndetse u Rwanda rutangira kubaka umubano n’ibindi bihugu. Mu myaka icumi ya mbere, u Rwanda rwashyizeho umubano w’ububanyi n’amahanga n’ibihugu byinshi.

Ibibazo bikomeye

Ariko ubutegetsi bwa Kayibanda bwanenzwe cyane kubera politiki yashingiye ku ivangura ry’amoko n’ubutegetsi bw’ishyaka rimwe. Leta ye yaje kugira uruhare mu gushyiraho gahunda zashyiraga Abahutu ku isonga kandi zigatandukanya Abanyarwanda hashingiwe ku bwoko. 

Ku wa 5 Nyakanga 1973, Kayibanda yahiritswe ku butegetsi muri coup d'état yakozwe n’igisirikare kiyobowe na Juvénal Habyarimana. 

3. Juvénal Habyarimana

Igihe: 5 Nyakanga 1973 – 6 Mata 1994.

Habyarimana yafashe ubutegetsi ahiritse Kayibanda. Mu 1975 yashyizeho MRND, ryaje kuba ishyaka ryonyine ryemewe mu gihugu. Mu 1978 hashyizweho Itegeko Nshinga rishya, maze Habyarimana atorwa; yongeye gutorwa mu 1983 no mu 1988, muri buri gihe akaba ari we wenyine wari watanzwe nk’umukandida. 

Ibyagezweho n’ubutegetsi bwe

Muri iki gihe habaye ibikorwa by’iterambere mu nzego zitandukanye, harimo gahunda z’ubuhinzi, ibikorwa remezo n’ikorwa ry’inzego za Leta.

Leta ya Habyarimana kandi yaje gutangira kuvugurura politiki mu ntangiriro za 1990. Mu 1990 yatangaje ko u Rwanda rwagombaga kuva kuri gahunda y’ishyaka rimwe rukajya kuri politiki y’amashyaka menshi. 

Umwijima w’amateka

Ku rundi ruhande, ubutegetsi bwe bwakomeje kugira imiterere y’ishyaka rimwe kandi habaye ivangura n’itotezwa ry’Abatutsi. Mu 1990, RPF yatangije urugamba rwo guhagarika ubutegetsi.

Ku wa 6 Mata 1994, indege Habyarimana yarimo yarahanuwe hafi ya Kigali. Urupfu rwe rwakurikiwe n’ibikorwa bya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, aho abantu barenga miliyoni bishwe mu minsi igera ku 100. 

4. Théodore Sindikubwabo : Perezida w’igihe gito cya Jenoside

Igihe: Mata 1994 – Nyakanga 1994.

Sindikubwabo yayoboye u Rwanda mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Ubutegetsi bwe bwari mu gihe cy’akaga gakomeye cyane mu mateka y’igihugu.

Iyi manda ntiyagombye kuvugwa nk’iy’iterambere risanzwe, kuko icyo gihe igihugu cyari kiri mu ntambara n’ibikorwa bya Jenoside. Ku wa 19 Nyakanga 1994, ubutegetsi bwe bwarangiye ubwo RPF yari imaze gufata ubutegetsi. 

5. Pasteur Bizimungu : Perezida nyuma ya Jenoside

Igihe: 19 Nyakanga 1994 – 23 Werurwe 2000.

Nyuma yo guhagarika Jenoside no gufata Kigali, hashyizweho Guverinoma y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda. Pasteur Bizimungu yabaye Perezida, naho Paul Kagame aba Visi Perezida akaba na Minisitiri w’Ingabo. 

Ibyaranze ubutegetsi bwe

Ikintu gikomeye cyaranze manda ya Bizimungu ni kongera kubaka igihugu nyuma ya Jenoside.

Leta yagombaga kongera gukora inzego z’igihugu, guhangana n’ingaruka za Jenoside, gucyura impunzi, kubaka umutekano no gutangira gahunda zo kongera guhuza Abanyarwanda.

Ariko ubutegetsi bwe bwaje kugira amakimbirane ya politiki hagati ya Bizimungu na Kagame. Ku wa 23 Werurwe 2000, Bizimungu yavuye ku butegetsi, maze Paul Kagame afata umwanya wa Perezida. 

6. Paul Kagame

Yabaye Perezida: kuva muri Werurwe 2000 kugeza ubu.

Kagame yabaye Perezida w’inzibacyuho mu 2000, hanyuma atorwa mu matora ya 2003. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2010, 2017 no mu 2024. Mu 2024 yarahiriye manda nshya y’imyaka itanu. 

Ibyaranze ubutegetsi bwe

Kuva mu 2000, kimwe mu byibandwaho cyane ni kubaka igihugu nyuma ya Jenoside, guteza imbere ubukungu, ikoranabuhanga, ishoramari, ubuzima, uburezi n’ibikorwa remezo.

Leta y’u Rwanda ivuga ko mu myaka yakurikiyeho igihugu cyageze ku iterambere ryihuse mu bukungu n’imibereho, mu gihe ubuyobozi bwa Kagame bwibanze ku mahoro, ubwiyunge, kongera uruhare rw’abagore mu buyobozi, ishoramari, entrepreneurship n’ikoranabuhanga. 

Kagame kandi yayoboye u Rwanda mu nshingano mpuzamahanga zitandukanye, harimo kuyobora Umuryango wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe mu 2018–2019 no kuba Chairperson wa Commonwealth mu 2022–2024. 

Iyo urebye amateka y’abayobozi b’u Rwanda, usanga buri gihe cyaranzwe n’ibyiza n’ibibazo byacyo.

• Mbonyumutwa: igihe cy’inzibacyuho kiganisha kuri Repubulika.
• Kayibanda: ubwigenge n’ishingwa rya Repubulika, ariko hamwe na politiki y’amacakubiri n’ubutegetsi bw’ishyaka rimwe.
• Habyarimana: imyaka myinshi y’ubutegetsi, ibikorwa by’iterambere n’imiyoborere y’ishyaka rimwe, bikurikirwa n’intambara n’amakimbirane byagejeje kuri Jenoside.
• Sindikubwabo: ubuyobozi bw’igihe gito mu gihe cya Jenoside.
• Bizimungu: gutangira kubaka igihugu nyuma ya Jenoside.
• Kagame: igihe kirekire cyo kubaka igihugu, iterambere n’uruhare mpuzamahanga.

Icy’ingenzi ni uko amateka y’u Rwanda atagomba kurebwa nk’inkuru y’umuntu umwe, ahubwo nk’urugendo rw’igihugu cyanyuze mu bwigenge, amacakubiri, intambara, Jenoside, ubwiyunge no kwiyubaka.