Tekereza ukeneye amafaranga mu ijoro, amabanki yose yafunze, ariko ukabona uburyo bwo kuyafata ukoresheje ikarita yawe, ugakanda ku mashini, mu masegonda make ukayabona. Iyi ni imwe mu mpinduka ikoranabuhanga ryazanye mu bijyanye n’imari.

Iyo mashini imenyerewe nka ATM, ariko se ikora ite? Ese iba ifite amafaranga ya buri mukiriya, cyangwa iba ihujwe na banki ku buryo ibasha kumenya ayo umuntu yemerewe gufata? Kandi ni nde wayivumbuye?

ATM ni iki?

ATM ni impine y’amagambo y’Icyongereza Automated Teller Machine, bisobanura imashini ikora imirimo imwe n’imwe isanzwe ikorwa n’umukozi wa banki, cyane cyane gutanga amafaranga.

Bitewe n’ubwoko bwayo na serivisi banki itanga, ATM ishobora no kukwereka amafaranga ufite kuri konti, kugufasha guhindura kode yawe y’ibanga cyangwa kubitsa amafaranga.

Icy’ingenzi ni uko ATM itagomba kuba ihagarariye banki imwe gusa mu mikorere yayo. Ishobora kuba ihujwe n’imiyoboro yemerera amakarita ya banki zitandukanye gukoreshwa kuri mashini imwe.

Igitekerezo cyayo cyaturutse he?

Mu myaka ya 1930, umuhanga witwa Luther George Simjian yakoze igikoresho cyitwa Bankograph, cyashoboraga kwakira amafaranga n’ama sheki abantu bashakaga kubitsa. Cyageragejwe na banki yo muri New York, ariko abantu ntibagikoresheje cyane, maze kirakurwaho nyuma y’igihe gito. Icyo gikoresho nticyari ATM isanzwe itanga amafaranga nk’izo tubona ubu. 

Mu myaka ya 1960, abahanga batandukanye batangiye gutekereza ku mashini zaha abantu amafaranga batagombye kujya ku mukozi wa banki.

Umuhanga wo muri Ecosse witwa James Goodfellow yatanze igitekerezo gikomeye kijyanye no gukoresha ikarita na kode y’ibanga, izwi nka PIN, kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kwemeza ko ari we wemerewe kubona amafaranga kuri konti. Yatanze ubusabe bw’ipatanti muri Gicurasi 1966. 

1967: ATM ya mbere yatangiye gukoreshwa n’abaturage

Ku ya 27 Kamena 1967, banki ya Barclays yashyizeho imashini yatangaga amafaranga ku ishami ryayo riri mu gace ka Enfield, i Londres mu Bwongereza.

Iyi mashini yakozwe na John Shepherd-Barron n’itsinda ry’abahanga bakoraga muri sosiyete yitwa De La Rue Instruments. Ni yo ikunze gufatwa nka ATM ya mbere yashyizwe ahantu abantu bashoboraga kujya gufata amafaranga mu buryo bwikora.

Icyo gihe abantu ntibakoreshaga ikarita ya pulasitiki nk’izo dukoresha ubu. Bakoresheje impapuro zihariye zari zarateguwe kugira ngo mashini ishobore kumenya niba zemerewe gukoreshwa.

Bityo, iyo umuntu avuze uwavumbuye ATM, ni ngombwa kumenya ko atari igitekerezo cy’umuntu umwe gusa. Luther Simjian, James Goodfellow, John Shepherd-Barron n’andi matsinda y’abahanga bagize uruhare mu bice bitandukanye byatumye ATM igera ku rwego tuyiziho. 

Ni iyihe sosiyete iri inyuma ya ATM?

Iyo ubonye ATM ya banki runaka, ushobora gutekereza ko iyo banki ari yo yayihimbye. Ariko banki nyinshi ntizihimba cyangwa ngo zikore ATM zose zikoresha.

Ku mashini ya mbere yatangiye gutanga amafaranga mu ruhame mu 1967, sosiyete yakoranye na Barclays ni De La Rue Instruments. Barclays ni yo banki yashyizeho iyo mashini kugira ngo abakiriya bayo babashe kubona amafaranga hanze y’amasaha asanzwe y’akazi.

Nyuma, andi masosiyete yakomeje gukora no kunoza ATM, harimo ayibanda ku bikoresho bya mudasobwa, gusoma amakarita no gucunga imikorere y’imashini.

Bityo, nta sosiyete imwe ikora ATM zose zo ku isi. Hari uyikora, hari banki iyikoresha, kandi hari imiyoboro y’imari ifasha ATM kuvugana na banki y’umukiriya.

Iyo ukoresheje ATM, bigenda bite intambwe ku yindi?

Iyo ushyizemo ikarita yawe, mashini ibanza kuyisoma kugira ngo imenye amakuru ayifasha gutangiza igikorwa.

Hanyuma winjiza kode yawe y’ibanga, izwi nka PIN. Iyi kode ifasha kugenzura ko umuntu ukoresha ikarita ayemerewe. Ugomba kuyihisha igihe uyandika kandi ntuyibwire undi muntu.

Iyo uhisemo gufata amafaranga, ATM yohereza ubusabe kuri sisiteme y’imari ihuza mashini na banki yawe. Banki igenzura niba konti ihari, niba ufite amafaranga ahagije, niba igikorwa cyemewe kandi niba utarengeje imipaka yo kubikuza.

Iyo banki yemeye igikorwa, ubutumwa bwo kwemeza buragaruka kuri ATM. Mashini igakora ibishoboka kugira ngo iguhe amafaranga wasabye.

Iyo iki gikorwa kirangiye neza, amafaranga akurwa kuri konti yawe kandi igikorwa kikabikwa muri sisiteme ya banki.

Ese ATM iba ifite amafaranga yawe bwite?

Oya. ATM iba ibitse inoti zishyizwe mu dusanduku twabugenewe imbere muri yo. Iyo uhisemo amafaranga ushaka gufata, ntabwo mashini ishakisha inoti zawe bwite, ahubwo iba igenzura niba banki yemeye ko uyafata.

Iyo yemerewe gutanga amafaranga, ATM ikoresha utwuma tugenzura inoti, ikazibara kandi ikazisohora mu mwanya wayo wo kuzitangira. Hari n’uburyo bugenzura ko inoti zidasohotse ari ebyiri zifatanye cyangwa ko nta noti igiye kuguma muri mashini.

Ibi bisobanura ko amafaranga ATM iguha aba ari ayo mu bubiko bwayo, mu gihe banki yo ikuraho ku mubare uri kuri konti yawe amafaranga angana n’ayo wemerewe kubikuza.

Ni yo mpamvu ATM ishobora kubura amafaranga yo gutanga nubwo konti yawe irimo amafaranga ahagije. Icyo gihe ikibazo kiba kiri ku mafaranga abitse muri iyo mashini, atari byanze bikunze kuri konti yawe.

Kuki ATM ari ingenzi mu buzima bwa buri munsi?

ATM yafashije abantu kubona amafaranga batagombye gutegereza amasaha banki imara ifunguye. Ibi byoroheje ingendo, kwishyura ibintu bitandukanye no kubona amafaranga mu bihe byihariye.

Uko ikoranabuhanga ryagiye ritera imbere, hari ATM zabashije kwakira amafaranga yo kubitsa, kwerekana amafaranga asigaye kuri konti no gukora ibindi bikorwa, bitewe n’ibikoresho banki yashyizemo.

Ariko n’ubwo ATM yoroshya ibikorwa, ni ngombwa kuyikoresha witonze. Ntukagire uwo ubwira PIN yawe, kandi niba mashini yanze kuguha amafaranga cyangwa igatwara ikarita yawe, vugana na banki ukoresheje nimero cyangwa uburyo bwemewe bwayo.

Mu by’ukuri, ATM ni urugero rwiza rw’ukuntu igitekerezo cyo korohereza abantu kubona amafaranga cyagiye gihinduka ikoranabuhanga rihuza imashini, imiyoboro y’imari na konti za banki.

Igihe ubutaha uzakanda ku mashini ugafata amafaranga, uzamenye ko inyuma y’icyo gikorwa hari urukurikirane rw’ibikorwa: ikarita irasomwa, kode iragenzurwa, banki igatanga uburenganzira, inoti zikabarwa, hanyuma igikorwa kikandikwa kuri konti yawe. Ibyo byose bigomba gukorana neza kugira ngo amafaranga agere mu ntoki zawe.