Mu mateka y’isi, hari ibyorezo byishe abantu benshi ku buryo byahinduye imijyi, ubukungu, imiryango ndetse n’uburyo abantu batekerezaga ku ndwara.

Ariko inyuma y’urupfu rw’abantu benshi hari indi nkuru, abashakashatsi batangiye gushaka impamvu, gukora ubushakashatsi, kuvumbura virus cyangwa bacteria, gukora imiti n’inkingo, ndetse no gushyiraho uburyo bushya bwo kurinda abantu.

Dore bimwe mu byorezo byagize izo mpinduka zikomeye.

    1.  BLACK DEATH cyabayeho hagati 1346–1353

Black Death ni kimwe mu byorezo byica cyane mu mateka y’isi.

Cyatewe na Yersinia pestis, bacterium ikunze kuba mu nyamaswa nto n’udusimba tuzivamo. Mu kinyejana cya 14, cyakwirakwiye mu Burayi ndetse no mu bice bya Aziya no mu nkengero z’inyanja ya Mediterane.

WHO ivuga ko Black Death yishe abarenga miliyoni 50 mu Burayi. Ariko ubushakashatsi bw’amateka bwerekana ko umubare nyawo utazwi neza, kuko nta mibare yizewe yari ihari mu kinyejana cya 14. 

Mu Burayi, uduce tw’u Butaliyani, u Bufaransa, u Bwongereza, Espagne n’utundi tw’igihugu twibasiwe cyane. Mu ntangiriro z’icyorezo, n’uduce two muri Asia yo hagati twagize uruhare mu mateka yacyo.

Ubushakashatsi bwa Harvard University ku DNA ya kera bwagaragaje ko abantu bapfuye hafi y’ikiyaga cya Issyk-Kul muri Kyrgyzstan mu 1338–1339 bari baranduye Yersinia pestis, kandi genome yabo ishobora kuba iri hafi y’umuzi w’umurongo wa bacterium wagize uruhare muri Black Death. 

Icyo gihe nta muntu wari uzi ko bacterium ari yo yabitezaga. Hashize imyaka myinshi cyane, abahanga baza kumenya Yersinia pestis no gusobanukirwa uburyo plague ikwirakwira.

Uyu munsi nta vaccine ikoreshwa buri gihe ku bantu bose, ariko plague ishobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe antibiotics, cyane cyane iyo itangiye kuvurwa hakiri kare. 

2. SMALLPOX

Smallpox ni imwe mu ndwara abantu batinye cyane mu mateka.

Yaterwaga na variola virus, ikaba yarabayeho mu bantu imyaka ibihumbi.

WHO ivuga ko smallpox yishe miliyoni 300 mu kinyejana cya 20 cyonyine. Indwara yari ifite mortality ishobora kugera hafi kuri 30% ku bwoko bukomeye.

Yigeze kuba hirya no hino ku isi, cyane cyane mu Burayi, Aziya, Afurika no muri Amerika.

Mu 1796, umuganga w’Umwongereza Edward Jenner yakoze ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko gukoresha cowpox bishobora kurinda umuntu smallpox.

Ibi byabaye intangiriro y’urukingo rwa smallpox kandi bifatwa nk’imwe mu ntambwe zikomeye cyane mu mateka ya vaccination. 

WHO yatangije gahunda ikomeye yo kurandura smallpox mu 1967.

Case ya nyuma ya smallpox yanduye umuntu mu buryo busanzwe yabonetse muri Somalia mu 1977.

Mu 1980, WHO yatangaje ko smallpox yaranduwe burundu.

Niyo ndwara yandura yonyine abantu baranduye ku isi yose kugeza ubu. 

Ikintu gitangaje ni uko nta muti wa smallpox wari waravumbuwe ngo uvure indwara mbere y’uko irandurwa. Ahubwo vaccination ni yo yabaye intwaro nyamukuru yo kuyirandura. 

3. CHOLERA

Cholera ni indwara iterwa na Vibrio cholerae, cyane cyane ikandurira mu mazi cyangwa mu biribwa byanduye.

Mu kinyejana cya 19, habayeho pandemics nyinshi za cholera.

WHO ivuga ko habaye pandemics esheshatu mu kinyejana cya 19, zikaba zarahitanye miliyoni z’abantu; pandemic ya karindwi yatangiye muri South Asia mu 1961 kandi iracyakomeza kugira outbreaks hirya no hino ku isi. 

Cholera yagiye igaragara cyane muri South Asia, Middle East, Europe, Africa, Caribbean n’ahandi.

Mu bihe bya none, Afurika yabaye imwe mu turere twibasiwe cyane n’ibyorezo bya cholera.

Mu 1854, umuganga witwa John Snow yakoze ubushakashatsi bukomeye i London.

Yashushanyije aho abantu bapfiriye, akurikirana aho bakuraga amazi, maze asanga abantu benshi bapfiriye hafi y’isoko y’amazi ya Broad Street.

Yasabye ko handle y’iyo pump ikurwaho.

Nyuma yaho outbreak iragabanuka.

Ubu bushakashatsi bwafashije gushyiraho imwe mu nkingi za modern epidemiology uburyo bwo gukoresha amakuru y’abarwayi kugira ngo umenye uko indwara ikwirakwira. 

Uyu munsi, ikintu cya mbere mu kuvura cholera ni oral rehydration solution (ORS), kuko ikibazo gikomeye ari ukubura amazi n’imyunyu umubiri utakaza.

WHO ivuga ko ORS ishobora kuvura neza hafi 80% by’abarwayi iyo itanzwe neza. Abarembye bashobora gukenera fluids zo mu mutsi n’antibiotics. 

Hari kandi inking za cholera, zikoreshwa cyane mu gukumira no kugenzura ikwirakwira ryayo. 

4. SPANISH FLU cyabayeho hagati 1918–1919          

Mu 1918, isi yahuye na pandemic ikomeye y’ibicurane.

Yiswe cyane Spanish Flu, ariko izina ntirisobanura ko Spain ari ho virus yatangiriye.

Virus yari H1N1.

CDC ivuga ko abantu hafi miliyoni 500, hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’abatuye isi icyo gihe, bashobora kuba baranduye.

Abapfuye bagereranywa nibura kuri miliyoni 50, kandi hari ubushakashatsi bwigeze gutanga estimate igera hafi kuri miliyoni 100. 

Yageze ku migabane hafi yose.

India yari mu bihugu byagize igihombo gikomeye cyane; ubushakashatsi bumwe bwagereranyije ko abantu barenga miliyoni 14 bapfuye muri India. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zo zabuze abantu hafi 675,000. 

Mu 1918 nta vaccine ya influenza yari ihari, kandi nta antibiotics zari zihari zo kuvura bacterial infections zashoboraga gukurikiraho.

Abantu bakoresheje isolation, quarantine, isuku no kugabanya guteranira ahantu hamwe. 

Abashakashatsi nka Jeffery Taubenberger na David Morens, bakoresheje tissue za kera n’ubushakashatsi bwa genetic sequencing, bagize uruhare mu gusobanukirwa genome ya virus ya 1918.

Ibyo byafashije abahanga kumenya byinshi ku cyatumye iyo virus iba mbi cyane no gutegura uburyo bwo guhangana na pandemics z’ibicurane zizaza. 

5. HIV/AIDS kuva mu myaka ya 1980

HIV/AIDS ni kimwe mu byorezo bimaze igihe kirekire cyane bigihari.

HIV yibasira ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, kandi iyo itavuwe ishobora gutera AIDS.

Kugeza mu mpera za 2025, WHO igereranya ko abantu miliyoni 44.2 bamaze gupfa bazize indwara zifitanye isano na HIV. Abantu hafi miliyoni 41 bari babana na HIV mu mpera za 2025. 

Sub-Saharan Africa ni yo yagizweho ingaruka cyane kurusha ahandi.

Mu 2025, WHO ivuga ko miliyoni 26.3 z’abantu babanaga na HIV bari mu WHO African Region, kandi ako karere kakaba karimo abarenga bibiri bya gatatu by’abantu bose babana na HIV ku isi. 

Mu myaka ya 1990, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwatangiye kwerekana ko guhuza imiti myinshi bishobora kuba byiza kurusha gukoresha umuti umwe.

Ubushakashatsi bwa ACTG 175, bwatewe inkunga na NIAID, bwasohotse mu 1995 bwerekana ko combination therapy yashoboraga kuba nziza kurusha AZT yonyine mu kugabanya progression y’indwara no gupfa ku bantu bamwe. 

Mu 1996, ubushakashatsi ku miti itatu cyane cyane igihe protease inhibitors zinjiye mu buvuzi bwatumye habaho icyo bise HAART/cART, uburyo bwahinduye cyane ubuvuzi bwa HIV.

NIAID ivuga ko ubwo buryo bushobora guhagarika HIV replication ku rwego rwo hasi cyane kandi bukagabanya cyane morbidity na mortality. 

Kugeza ubu nta vaccine ya HIV yemejwe kandi nta muti ukuraho HIV burundu.

Ariko antiretroviral therapy irakora neza cyane. WHO ivuga ko mu 2025, 95% by’abantu bari kuri ART kandi bapimwe viral load bari bafite virus suppressed. 

6. COVID-19 kuva 2019 kugeza ubu

COVID-19 ni imwe mu byorezo bikomeye cyane mu bihe bya none.

Virus yayo yitwa SARS-CoV-2.

Mu 2020, yakwirakwiye ku isi yose, ihagarika ingendo, ubucuruzi, amashuri n’ibikorwa byinshi.

Imibare y’abapfuye baratangaje si yo yonyine ikoresha mu gusobanura ingaruka za COVID.

WHO yagereranije ko hagati ya 2020 na 2021, pandemic yaba yarateje hafi miliyoni 14.9 z’excess deaths ku isi, harimo impfu zitaziguye ndetse n’izatewe n’ingaruka pandemic yagize ku buzima n’imibereho.

Kugeza muri 2023, WHO yari yatangaje ko umubare w’impfu za COVID zari zatangajwe warengeje miliyoni 6.9. 

Ingaruka zari hirya no hino ku isi, ariko Americas, Europe na South-East Asia biri mu turere twagize umubare munini w’excess deaths mu mibare ya WHO.

WHO yagaragaje kandi ko ibihugu 10 byonyine byari bifite hafi 68% by’excess deaths mu 2020–2021.

Kimwe mu bintu byatangaje abahanga ni umuvuduko vaccine yakozweho.

NIH/NIAID yakoranye na Moderna mu guteza imbere vaccine ya mRNA-1273.

Phase 1 clinical trial yatangiye ku 16 Werurwe 2020, kandi ubushakashatsi bwambere bwerekanye ko vaccine yateje antibody responses zikomeye mu bantu bari bitabiriye trial. 

Mu Kuboza 2020, vaccines za Pfizer-BioNTech na Moderna zari zimaze guhabwa emergency authorization, kandi buri imwe yari ifite efficacy irenga 90% mu kurinda symptomatic COVID mu isesengura ry’ibanze ry’ibizamini. 

Uyu munsi vaccines ziracyakoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurinda severe disease n’urupfu, kandi hari vaccines za mRNA ndetse na protein-based vaccines. World Health Organization

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu bihugu birindwi byo mu Burayi, buyobowe na WHO/Europe n’abafatanyabikorwa, bwagaragaje ko COVID ikomeje gutera hospitalization n’impfu, ariko vaccine igezweho ikomeza kuba uburyo bukomeye bwo kugabanya severe disease.

ICYO IBI BYOREZO BYOSE BITWIGISHA

Iyo dushyize hamwe Black Death, Smallpox, Cholera, Spanish Flu, HIV/AIDS na COVID-19, tubona ko buri cyorezo cyazanye ikibazo gikomeye.

“Black Death” yatwigishije byinshi ku ndwara zandurira ku nyamaswa no ku kamaro ko gusobanukirwa pathogen.

“Smallpox” yerekanye ko vaccine ishobora kurandura indwara burundu.

“Cholera” yerekanye ko amazi meza, isuku na epidemiology bishobora kurokora ubuzima.

“Spanish Flu” yerekanye ububi bwa respiratory pandemics iyo nta vaccine n’imiti bihari.

“HIV/AIDS” yerekanye imbaraga za combination therapy n’ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kuri virus.

“COVID-19” yerekanye umuvuduko science ishobora kugira mu gukora vaccine no gukurikirana virus nshya.

Ikintu kimwe kibihuza:

Icyorezo gitangira ari ikibazo cy’ubuzima, ariko uko ubushakashatsi bugenda butera imbere, gihinduka isomo rishobora gukiza abantu benshi mu bihe bizaza.

Niyo mpamvu amateka y’ibyorezo atari amateka y’abantu bapfuye gusa.

Ni n’amateka y’abashakashatsi batigeze bareka gushaka igisubizo.